Indonesia kini berada dalam keadaan darurat lingkungan. Ribuan hektare hutan yang terbakar telah melepaskan asap beracun ke atmosfer. Hal ini terlihat dari langit merah gelap, jalanan sepi, dan banyak orang menutupi hidung dengan masker.
Kebakaran hutan dan lahan melepaskan karbon ke atmosfer dalam jumlah besar. Ketika kebakaran besar juga terjadi pada tahun 2015, gas rumah kaca yang dihasilkan oleh Indonesia saat itu lebih daripada yang dikeluarkan oleh Amerika Serikat (AS). Tidak hanya itu, keberadaan orangutan dan satwa liar lainnya juga terancam.
Lalu, apa dampaknya bagi manusia? Siapa saja yang berisiko terkena dampak, dan bagaimana mereka terkena dampak?
Kebakaran liar dan kabut asap sering terjadi di Indonesia. Petani kecil yang menggunakan cara tradisional menggunakan api kecil dan terkontrol untuk membuka lahan dan menanam tanaman. Namun, api-api itu kian membesar dan makin tidak terkendalikan.
Hal ini sebagian dikarenakan areal lahan untuk produksi komersial terus meningkat. Penebangan terus terjadi di areal lahan gambut yang kaya karbon di Pulau Sumatra dan Kalimantan untuk perkebunan baru, terutama kelapa sawit.
Persoalan kepemilikan lahan juga menimbulkan konflik antara komunitas lokal dengan perusahaan perkebunan; di sini kebakaran lahan dijadikan senjata untuk memberikan tekanan. Kondisi ini diperparah oleh fenomena cuaca El Nino yang dalam beberapa tahun telah menyebabkan kondisi yang sangat kering. Apa risikonya?
Sejauh ini, lebih dari 35.000 kebakaran telah terdeteksi pada tahun 2019 di Indonesia. Menurut Indeks Kualitas Udara (AQI), tingkat polusi udara sudah mencapai level “berbahaya”.
Kebakaran tahun ini memang merupakan yang terburuk sejak 2015. Kala itu, lebih dari 2,5 juta hektare lahan terbakar dan Indonesia mengalami kerugian 16 miliar dolar AS. Angka ini jauh lebih besar daripada biaya rekonstruksi akibat tsunami di Aceh tahun 2004.
Paparan dari kebakaran hutan dan asap beracun secara berkala juga bisa menyebabkan dampak jangka pendek dan panjang bagi manusia.
Asap yang dihasilkan dari membakar kayu dan vegetasi mengandung banyak partikel yang sangat halus, terlalu kecil untuk dilihat oleh mata manusia. Partikel-partikel ini dapat dengan mudah masuk ke paru-paru dan organ lain atau aliran darah.
Untuk melihat dampak paparan polusi jangka panjang, kita bisa melihat efek dari kebakaran hutan dan lahan pada akhir tahun 1997, yang membakar lebih dari 5 juta hektare lahan dan mengirimkan awan polusi besar ke seluruh Asia Tenggara.
Sebelum 2015, ini adalah kebakaran terbesar di Indonesia.
Berbagai peneliti telah menganalisis data dari survei populasi yang dilakukan selama dan setelah kebakaran dan menemukan bahwa asap yang dihasilkan oleh kebakaran tersebut membahayakan kesehatan orang dewasa dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup anak pada saat itu.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan kesehatan dan pencapaian pendidikan dalam jangka panjang bagi anak-anak.
Sebagai contoh, satu penelitian menemukan bahwa paparan asap beracun mengakibatkan memburuknya fungsi fisik tubuh secara signifikan. Efek ini terutama berdampak jangka panjang bagi perempuan berusia 30-55 tahun dan manula.
Penelitian lainnya menemukan bahwa udara, tanah, dan makanan yang terkontaminasi asap berakibat buruk bagi kesehatan sebelum dan sesudah kelahiran.
Racun yang terhisap oleh ibu hamil akan menganggu kesehatan, nutrisi dan aliran oksigen ke janin.
Satu studi menemukan bahwa paparan terhadap kebakaran hutan Indonesia akhir 1997 menyebabkan lebih dari 15.600 kematian anak, bayi, dan janin atau penurunan 1,2 poin persentase dalam kelangsungan hidup kelompok yang terpapar. Masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah terkena dampak terburuk.
Nutrisi dan kesehatan anak juga secara langsung terganggu akibat menghirup kandungan beracun atau saat menelan makanan mentah yang terkontaminasi.
Dan, kurangnya perawatan dari anggota keluarga dewasa yang juga tidak sehat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi anak.
Penelitian saya yang dipublikasikan pada 2019 relevan untuk isu ini.
Saya mengamati perkembangan anak berusia 12-36 bulan yang tinggal di pulau Sumatra dan Kalimantan yang terkena dampak selama kebakaran tahun 1997.
Kemudian, saya membandingkan dengan kelompok anak dengan usia sama yang tinggal di daerah-daerah yang tidak terkena kebakaran.
Saya menemukan bahwa paparan terhadap kebakaran memperlambat tingkat pertumbuhan hingga satu milimeter per bulan dalam periode tiga bulan antara paparan pertama hingga kebakaran hutan dan lahan pada September 1997, dan pengukuran terakhir pada bulan Desember.
Terdengar sepele? Perlu diingat bahwa pertumbuhan anak seharusnya mencapai satu sentimeter per bulan. Berdasarkan studi yang saya lakukan, anak-anak tersebut kehilangan sepersepuluh tingkat perkembangan.
Kabut asap tahun 1997 berlangsung hanya beberapa bulan. Tetapi, beberapa bulan adalah waktu yang panjang bagi balita.
Dan, untuk kelompok umur yang saya pelajari, kebakaran terjadi pada periode kritis di mana perkembangan otak sangat sensitif terhadap asupan gizi.
Kondisi ini berdampak penting saat anak-anak tersebut mencapai usia sekolah.
Rata-rata mereka akan tertunda masuk sekolah dasar hingga enam bulan dan mendapatkan pendidikan satu tahun lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak terkena kebakaran.
Belum jelas apakah kebakaran hutan dan lahan tahun 2019 akan mencapai skala bencana yang terlihat pada tahun 1997 atau 2015.
Tetapi, semua studi ini menyiratkan bahwa paparan terhadap kebakaran hutan menimbulkan risiko nyata bagi kesejahteraan manusia.
Generasi anak-anak Indonesia sebelumnya membayar telah membayar mahal – jika kita ingin memastikan bahwa anak-anak masa kini tidak mengalami masalah yang sama, maka tindakan perlu diambil untuk melindungi mereka yang paling rentan.
Fahri Nur Muharom menerjemahkan artikel ini dari Bahasa Inggris.
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